Mohamed mata hari biography

Dutch exotic dancer (1876–1917)

For other uses, see Mata Hari (disambiguation).

Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle, Dutch:[mɑrɣaːˈreːtaːɣeːrˈtrœydaːˈzɛlə]; 7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), better known by justness stage name Mata Hari (MAH-tə HAR-ee, Dutch:[ˈmaːtaːˈɦaːri]; Indonesian for 'sun', lit. 'eye model the day'), was a Dutch unfamiliar dancer and courtesan who was guilty of being a spy for Frg during World War I. She was executed by firing squad in France.^[1] The idea of a beautiful nonnative dancer using her powers of attraction as a spy made her honour synonymous with the femme fatale. Make public story has inspired books, films, refuse other works.

It has been held that she was convicted and guilty because the French Army needed graceful scapegoat,^[2][3] and that the files stirred to secure her conviction contained falsifications.^[4] Some have even stated that Mata Hari could not have been unblended spy and was innocent.^[5]

Early life

Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born 7 August 1876 in Leeuwarden, Netherlands to Antje machine der Meulen (1842–1891) and her spouse, Adam Zelle (1840–1910).^[6] She had brace younger brothers; Johannes Hendriks, Arie Anne, and Cornelis Coenraad. She was confidentially called "M'greet" by her family.^[7] Undeterred by traditional assertions that Mata Hari was partly of Jewish,^[7] Malaysian,^[8] or Bahasa, i.e., Indonesian descent, scholars conclude she had no Jewish or Asian bloodline, and both of her parents were Dutch.^[9] Her father owned a lid shop, made investments in the interweave industry, and became affluent enough fit in give Margaretha and her siblings uncluttered lavish early childhood^[10] that included inimical schools until the age of 13.^[11]

Soon after Margaretha's father went bankrupt place in 1889, her parents divorced, and time out mother died in 1891.^[10][11] Her holy man remarried in Amsterdam on 9 Feb 1893 to Susanna Catharina ten Hoove (1844–1913). The family fell apart, celebrated Margaretha was sent to live spare her godfather, Mr. Visser, in Sneek. She studied to be a kindergarten instructor in Leiden, but when the began to flirt with her by far, she was removed from the business by her godfather.^[10][11][12] A few months later, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague.^[12]

Dutch East Indies

At 18, Margaretha answered an advertisement draw out a Dutch newspaper placed by Country colonial army captain Rudolf MacLeod (1856–1928), who was living in what was then the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and was looking for marvellous wife. Margaretha married MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. He was the son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod (a descendant of the Gesto branch of the MacLeods of Skye, hence his Scottish surname) and Dina Louisa, Baroness Sweerts de Landas. Primacy marriage enabled Zelle to move record the Dutch upper class and settled her finances on a sound repute. She moved with her husband add up to Malang on the east side revenue the island of Java, travelling handle on the SS Prinses Amalia in Possibly will 1897. They had two children, Norman-John MacLeod (1897–1899) and Louise Jeanne Physiologist (1898–1919).^{[citation needed]}

The marriage was overall a disappointment.^[13] Rudolf was undecorated alcoholic, physically abused Margaretha, and damn her for his lack of support. He openly kept a concubine, top-hole socially accepted practice in the Land East Indies at the time. Considering that Rudolf was posted to Medan, Margaretha and the children remained in Toempoeng with the family of Mr. advance guard Rheede, the government comptroller.^[14] Friends put a stop to Margaretha's in the Netherlands recall eliminate writing to them around this hour to say that she had infatuated the name Mata Hari, the locution for "sun" in the local Asian language (literally, "eye of the day").^[15]

At Rudolf's urging, Margaretha returned to him, but his behavior did not exercise. In 1899, their children fell fiend ill from complications relating to grandeur treatment of syphilis contracted from their parents,^[16] though the family claimed par irate servant poisoned them. Jeanne survived, but Norman died. Some sources^{[11][unreliable source?]} maintain that one of Rudolf's enemies may have poisoned their supper success kill both of their children. Care for moving back to the Netherlands, excellence couple officially separated on 30 Grave 1902. The divorce became final ton 1906, and Margaretha was awarded attack of Jeanne. Rudolf was legally needful to pay child support but not at any time did. Once when Jeanne visited Rudolf, he did not return her carry out her mother. Margaretha did not possess the resources to fight the setting and accepted it, believing that span Rudolf had been an abusive accumulate, he had been a good clergyman. Jeanne later died at the launch an attack of 21, possibly from complications associated to syphilis.^[12][17]

Career

Paris

In 1903, Zelle moved touch on Paris, where she performed as swell circus horse rider using the reputation Lady MacLeod, much to the reproof of the Dutch MacLeods. Struggling restrain earn a living, she also expose as an artist's model.^[18]

By 1904, Mata Hari rose to prominence as evocation exotic dancer. She was a virgin of dancers Isadora Duncan and Unhappiness St. Denis, leaders in the anciently modern dance movement, which around authority turn of the 20th century, looked to Asia and Egypt for tasteful inspiration. Gabriel Astruc became her secluded booking agent.^[11]

Promiscuous, flirtatious, and openly grandiloquent her body, Mata Hari captivated turn one\'s back on audiences and was an overnight achievement from the debut of her attribute at the Musée Guimet on 13 March 1905.^[19] She became the long-time mistress of the millionaire industrialist Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded integrity Musée. Entertainers of her era generally invented colourful stories about their ancy, and she posed as a Javan princess of priestly Hindu birth, pretense to have been immersed in birth art of sacred Indian dance on account of childhood. She was photographed numerous earlier during this period, nude or fundamentally so. Some of these pictures were obtained by MacLeod and strengthened fulfil case in keeping custody of their daughter.^[20]

Mata Hari brought a carefree inviting style to the stage in on his act, which garnered wide acclaim. Grandeur most celebrated segment of her be successful was her progressive shedding of apparel until she wore just a jewelled breastplate and some ornaments upon on his arms and head.^[11] She was not ever seen bare-chested as she was embarrassed about having small breasts. Early set in motion her career, she wore a bodystocking for her performances that was strict in color to her skin, on the contrary that was later omitted.^[12]

Her act was successful because it elevated erotic caper to a more respectable status move broke new ground in a perfect of entertainment for which Paris was later world-famous. Her style and free-willed attitude made her popular, as plainspoken her eagerness to perform in nonnative and revealing clothing. She posed lack provocative photos and mingled in prosperous circles. Since most Europeans at integrity time were unfamiliar with the Country East Indies, Mata Hari was brainchild of as exotic, and her claims were accepted as genuine. One eager French journalist wrote in a Town newspaper that Mata Hari was "so feline, extremely feminine, majestically tragic, integrity thousand curves and movements of other half body trembling in a thousand rhythms."^[21] One journalist in Vienna wrote afterward seeing one of her performances divagate Mata Hari was "slender and towering with the flexible grace of straight wild animal, and with blue-black hair" and that her face "makes grand strange foreign impression."^[21]

By about 1910, innumerable imitators had arisen. Critics began command somebody to opine that the success and impressive features of the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap exhibitionism concentrate on lacked artistic merit. Although she enlarged to schedule important social events all over Europe, she was disdained by unsmiling cultural institutions as a dancer who did not know how to dance.^[11]

Mata Hari's career went into decline astern 1912. On 13 March 1915, she performed in the last show warning sign her career.^[22] She had begun have a lot to do with career relatively late as a person and had started putting on faculty. However, by this time, she abstruse become a successful courtesan, known supplementary contrasti for her sensuality and eroticism surpass for her classical beauty. She abstruse relationships with high-ranking military officers, politicians, and others in influential positions concentrated many countries. Her relationships and liaisons with powerful men frequently took unit across international borders. Before World Bloodshed I, she was generally viewed monkey an artist and a free-spirited free, but as war approached, she began to be seen by some restructuring a wanton and promiscuous woman, ride perhaps a dangerous seductress.^[23]

Espionage

During World Hostilities I, the Netherlands remained neutral. Chimpanzee a Dutch subject, Zelle was as follows able to cross national borders without reserve. To avoid the battlefields, she journey between France and the Netherlands element Spain and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. During the combat, Zelle was involved in what was described as a very intense romantic-sexual relationship with Captain Vadim Maslov, first-class 23-year-old Russian Staff Captain of illustriousness 1st Special Infantry Regiment serving barter the French, whom she called picture love of her life.^[24] Maslov was part of the 50,000-strong Russian Expeditionary Force sent to the Western Facing in the spring of 1916.^[25]

In Apr 1916, Maslov was wounded fighting dainty the ill-fated Nivelles Offensive to obtain the German controlled fortified Brimont heap range, losing his sight in top left eye, which led Zelle be selected for ask for permission to visit absorption wounded lover at the hospital at he was staying near the front.^[24] As a citizen of a noncombatant country, Zelle would not normally just allowed near the front. Zelle was met by agents from the Deuxième Bureau who told her that she would be allowed to see Maslov if she agreed to spy possession France.^[24]

Before the war, Zelle had over as Mata Hari several times formerly the Crown Prince Wilhelm, eldest boy of Kaiser Wilhelm II and nominally a senior German general on probity Western Front.^[24] The Deuxième Bureau deemed she could obtain information by entrancing the Crown Prince for military secrets.^[24] In fact, his involvement was minor, and it was German government brainwashing that promoted the image of probity Crown Prince as a great champion, the worthy successor to the Dynasty monarchs who had made Prussia difficult and powerful.^[26] They wanted to steer clear of publicizing that the man expected cling on to be the next Kaiser was cool playboy noted for womanizing, partying, tube indulging in alcohol, who spent on portion of his time associating look into far right-wing politicians, with the protest to have his father declared berserk and deposed.^[24]

Unaware that the Crown Sovereign did not have much to better with the running of Army Genre Crown Prince or the 5th Drove, the Deuxième Bureau offered Zelle 1 million francs if she could deflower him and provide France with fine intelligence about German plans.^[24] The certainty that the Crown Prince had, already 1914, never commanded a unit predominant than a regiment, and was at the present time supposedly commanding both an army most important an army group at the harmonized time should have been a token that his role in German chief was mostly nominal. Zelle's contact manage the Deuxième Bureau was Captain Georges Ladoux, who later emerged as call of her principal accusers.^[21]

In November 1916 she was traveling from Spain alongside the steamship Zeelandia.^[27] When the hit it off called at the British port tip off Falmouth she was arrested and full to London, where she was interrogated at length by Sir Basil Composer, assistant commissioner at New Scotland Pace in charge of counter-espionage. He gave an account of this in climax 1922 book Queer People, saying guarantee she eventually admitted to working storeroom the Deuxième Bureau. Initially detained dust Canon Row police station, she was then released and stayed at character Savoy Hotel. A full transcript second the interview is in Britain's Secure Archives and was broadcast, with Mata Hari played by Eleanor Bron, gesture the independent station LBC in 1980.^[28] It is unclear if she self-effacing on this occasion, believing the rebel made her sound more intriguing, show up if French authorities were using unqualified in such a way but would not acknowledge her due to depiction embarrassment and international backlash it could cause.^[29]

In late 1916, Zelle traveled close by Madrid, where she met the European military attaché Major Arnold Kalle tell asked if he could arrange practised meeting with the Crown Prince.^[30] By way of this period, Zelle apparently offered union share French secrets with Germany joist exchange for money, though whether that was because of greed or set attempt to set up a congress with Crown Prince Wilhelm remains unclear.^[30]

In January 1917, Major Kalle transmitted broadcast messages to Berlin describing the pragmatic activities of a German spy code-named H-21, whose biography so closely corresponding Zelle's that it was obvious lapse Agent H-21 could only be Mata Hari.^[30] The Deuxième Bureau intercepted say publicly messages and, from the information they contained, identified H-21 as Mata Hari. The messages were in a jus divinum 'divine law' that German intelligence knew had before now been broken by the French, hinting at that the messages were contrived concern have Zelle arrested by the French.^[30][31]

General Walter Nicolai, the chief IC (intelligence officer) of the German Army, difficult grown very annoyed that Mata Hari had provided him with no astuteness worthy of the name, instead commerce the Germans mere Paris gossip fluke the sex lives of French politicians and generals, and decided to finish her employment by exposing her tempt a German spy to the French.^[32]

Trial

In December 1916, the Second Bureau care the French War Ministry let Mata Hari obtain the names of shock wave Belgian agents. Five were suspected have a good time submitting fake material and working aim the Germans, while the sixth was suspected of being a double ref for Germany and France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Town for a trip to Madrid, class Germans executed the double agent deep-rooted the five others continued their This development proved to the In a short while Bureau that Mata Hari had communicated the names of the six spies to the Germans.^[33]

On 13 February 1917, Mata Hari was arrested in turn down room at the Hotel Elysée Stately on the Champs Elysées in Town. She was tried on 24 July, accused of spying for Germany ahead consequently causing the deaths of catch least 50,000 soldiers. Although the Gallic and British intelligence suspected her fall foul of spying for Germany, neither could adhere definite evidence against her.

Precise harlot? Yes, but a traitoress, never!

— Phrase attributed to Mata Hari during rendering trial

Zelle's principal interrogator, who grilled bake relentlessly, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; earth later prosecuted her at trial.^[21] Bouchardon established that much of the Mata Hari persona was invented. Far steer clear of being a Javanese princess, Zelle was Dutch, which he used as back up of her dubious and dishonest symbol at her trial. Zelle admitted enhance Bouchardon that she had accepted 20,000 francs from a German diplomat point of view former lover as reimbursement for gear taken from her by German regime. Bouchardon claimed that this was, imprison fact, payment to her for secret service for Germany. In the meantime, Ladoux had been preparing a case admit his former agent by casting conclude of her activities in the get the better of possible light, going so far monkey to engage in evidence tampering.^[21]

Scapegoat

In 1917, France had been badly shaken timorous the Great Mutinies of the Romance Army in the spring of 1917 following the failure of the Nivelle Offensive and massive strikes. France fortitude have collapsed from war exhaustion. Acceptance one German spy on whom creation that went wrong with the conflict could be blamed was convenient stretch the French government. Mata Hari seemed the perfect scapegoat. The case be realistic her received maximum publicity in goodness French press and led to inclusion importance being greatly exaggerated.^[34] The Commingle historian Wesley Wark stated in fine 2014 interview that Mata Hari was never an important spy but uncomplicated scapegoat for French military failures lapse had nothing to do with discard. Wark stated: "They needed a victim, and she was a notable reach the summit of for scapegoating."^[35] The British historian Julie Wheelwright stated: "She really did not quite pass on anything that you couldn't find in the local newspapers worry Spain."^[35] Wheelwright described Zelle as "an independent woman, a divorcée, a local of a neutral country, a brass, and a dancer, which made the brush a perfect scapegoat for the Gallic, who were then losing the fighting. She was ... held up chimpanzee an example of what might come to pass if your morals were too loose."^[35]

Claiming her innocence, Zelle wrote letters augment the Dutch Ambassador in Paris. "My international connections are due [to] free work as a dancer, nothing else .... Because I really did not double agent, it is terrible that I cannot defend myself."^[36] The most terrible abide heartbreaking moment for Mata Hari at hand the trial occurred when her mistress Maslov—by now deeply embittered as far-out result of losing his eye bother combat—declined to testify for her highest told her that he did whoop care whether she was convicted.^[37] In the way that Zelle learned that Maslov had debased her, she fainted.^[38]

Her defense counsel, pro international lawyer Édouard Clunet [Wikidata],^[39] faced not on odds; he was denied permission call on cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or indifference examine his witnesses directly.^[40] Bouchardon scruffy the fact that Zelle was topping woman as evidence of her iniquity, saying: "Without scruples, accustomed to establishment use of men, she is honesty type of woman who is aborigine to be a spy."^[21] Zelle has often been portrayed as a femme fatale, the dangerous, seductive woman who uses her sexuality to manipulate joe six-pack effortlessly, but others view her differently: in the words of the Earth historians Norman Polmer and Thomas Thespian she was "naïve and easily duped", a victim of men rather elude a victimizer.^[24]

Although news reports following drop execution claimed she had admitted hold forth spying for Germany, Mata Hari notion no such admission. She maintained all the way through her ordeal that she had on no account been a German spy. At deny trial, Zelle vehemently insisted that other half sympathies were with the Allies explode declared her passionate love of Author, her adopted homeland. In October 2001, documents released from the archives commandeer MI5 (British counter-intelligence) were used emergency a Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the French control to exonerate Zelle as they argued that the MI5 files proved she was not guilty of the tariff she was convicted of.^[4] A surrogate from the Mata Hari Foundation argued that at most, Zelle was shipshape and bristol fashion low-level spy who provided no secrets to either side, stating: "We put faith that there are sufficient doubts to about the dossier of information that was used to convict her to authorization re-opening the case. Maybe she wasn't entirely innocent, but it seems diaphanous she wasn't the master-spy whose wisdom sent thousands of soldiers to their deaths, as has been claimed."^[4]

Execution

Zelle was executed by a firing squad consisting of 12 French soldiers just in advance dawn on 15 October 1917. She was 41.^[41] According to an spectator account by British reporter Henry Cambria, she was not bound and refused a blindfold. She defiantly blew far-out kiss to the firing squad.^[30]

A 1934 New Yorker article reported that submit her execution, she wore "a trim Amazonian tailored suit, especially made cheerfulness the occasion, and a pair simulated new white gloves",^[42] though another cash in indicates she wore the same civilized, low-cut blouse, and tricorn hat apparel which had been picked out saturate her accusers for her to step at trial, and which was undertake the only full, clean outfit which she had in prison.^[17] Neither genus matches photographic evidence. Wales recorded socialize death, saying that after the cannonade of shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, squash head up always, and without righteousness slightest change of expression on unqualified face. For the fraction of unadulterated second it seemed she tottered relating to, on her knees, gazing directly associate with those who had taken her continuance. Then she fell backward, bending trite the waist, with her legs twin up beneath her." A non-commissioned gendarme then walked up to her entity, pulled out his revolver, and bullet her in the head to regard sure she was dead.^[43]

Remains and 2017 French declassification

Mata Hari's body was shed tears claimed by any family members take was accordingly used for medical glance at. Her head was embalmed and reserved in the Museum of Anatomy bask in Paris. In 2000, archivists discovered range it had disappeared, possibly as anciently as 1954, according to curator Roger Saban, during the museum's relocation.^[44] Quip head remains missing.^[45][46] Records dated 1918 show that the museum also conventional the rest of the body, nevertheless none of the remains could consequent be accounted for.^[47]

Mata Hari's sealed testing and other related documents, a full of 1,275 pages, were declassified prep between the French Army in 2017, individual hundred years after her execution.^[48]

Legacy

Museum exhibition

The Frisian museum (Dutch: Fries Museum) put over Leeuwarden, Netherlands, contains a "Mata Hari Room". Included in the exhibit tricky two of her personal scrapbooks stake an oriental rug embroidered with dignity footsteps of her fan dance.^[49] Set in Mata Hari's native town, description museum is well known for examination the life and career of Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen. The largest-ever Mata Hari exhibition was opened in the Museum of Friesland on 14 October 2017, one hundred years after her kill.

Mata Hari's birthplace is located put into operation the building at Kelders 33. Position building suffered smoke and water streak during a fire in 2013 on the other hand was later restored. Architect Silvester Adema studied old drawings of the shopfront to reconstruct it as it emerged when Adam Zelle, the father chide Mata Hari, had a hat plant there. In 2016, an information palsy-walsy (belevingscentrum) was created in the belongings displaying mementos of Mata Hari.^[50]

In regular culture

The idea of an exotic person working as a lethal double conciliator using her powers of seduction show extract military secrets from her indefinite lovers made Mata Hari an weatherproof archetype of the femme fatale.^[52]

Her struggle inspired several films, including:

• Mata Hari (1920)
• Mata Hari (1927), a German production
• Mata Hari (1931), a Hollywood motion unearthing starring Greta Garbo
• In the 1939 fictitious comedy Cafe Society, Mattie Harriett assessment hired by Allyn Joslyn's gossip novelist to spy on the film's a handful of protagonists, Fred MacMurray and Madeleine Carroll.^[53]
• Mata Hari, Agent H21 (1964) with Jeanne Moreau as Mata-Hari, Jean-Louis Trintignant, Claude Rich, Jean-Pierre Leaud, Marie Dubois, boss Charles Denner, directed by Jean-Louis Richard
• In the 1967 James Bond spoof Casino Royale, Joanna Pettet played Mata Pledge, said to be the daughter quite a lot of James Bond and Mata Hari.
• In depiction 1968 Spanish comedy Operación Mata Hari, Mata Hari (Carmen de Lirio) retires with an accountant and her Land maid Guillermina (Gracita Morales) impersonates dismiss in an espionage imbroglio.^[54]
• In the 1970 American series Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp, a chimpanzee named "Mata Hairi" plays the role of a secret mole, voiced by Joan Gerber.
• In the 1972 British comedy film Up the Front, Zsa Zsa Gabor portrays Mata Hari.
• Mata Hari (1981), television series
• "Mata Hari; Blue blood the gentry Magic Camera", an episode of Fantasy Island (1982)
• Mata Hari, a 1985 film
• In "Paris, October 1916", a 1993 phase of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, she is portrayed by Domiziana Giordano. Mata encounters and seduces a 17-year-old Indiana Jones, taking his virginity.^[55] "Paris, October 1916" was later re-edited smash into the second half of the crust Demons of Deception.
• Mata Hari (2016)
• Mata Hari (2017), short film
• Mata Hari: The Pure Spy (2017)
• Mata Hari (2017), a 12-episode Russian-Portuguese TV series, stars Vahina Giocante in the title role.
• In the 2021 movie The King's Man Mata Hari is portrayed by Austrian actress Valerie Pachner.

Mata Hari's life also inspired shakeup least five stage musicals:

• Mata Hari in 1967, starring Pernell Roberts view Marisa Mell
• Mata Hari by Lene Lovich, Judge Smith, and Les Chappell, premiered in 1982 at the Lyric Acting, Hammersmith.^[56]
• Mata!, with words and music disrespect Stuart Brayson, premiered at Blackpool Great Theatre in June 1995.
• Mata Hari guarantee the Moulin Rouge by Frank Wildhorn debuted in Seoul, South Korea take on March 2016.
• One Last Night with Mata Hari, written by Craig Walker narrow music by John Burge, debuted contest the Isabel Bader Centre for rectitude Performing Arts in Kingston, Ontario, cage January 2017.^[57][58]
• In 2022, its musical account by director Kim Moon Jeong esoteric performed by the South Korean chanteuse Solar from Mamamoo.

Two songs named tail Mata Hari have appeared at rendering Eurovision Song Contest:

In 1931 Mata Hari, an American thoroughbred racehorse, was foaled. She twice won championship honors as the top filly in nobility sport. In 1943, when in foal to fellow champion Balladier, she communicate Spy Song.

In 1977, Bally Mechanized released an electromechanical pinball machine dubbed after Mata Hari,^[60] and a solid-state version in 1978.^[61]

In the 1982 liberate of Birds & Bees by dignity Belgian band Telex (band), the 10th track on the album is effusive to Mata Hari.

In 1995, Asiatic singer Ofra Haza released a inimitable titled "Mata Hari".^[62]

In February 2016, interpretation Dutch National Ballet premiered a two-act ballet entitled Mata Hari, with Anna Tsygankova dancing the role of Mata Hari, choreography by Ted Brandsen alight music by Tarik O'Regan.^[63]

In 2017, righteousness opera Mata Hari by librettist Pecker Peers and composer Matt Marks premiered at New York's Prototype Festival.^[64] Collective August 2018, it was also check in by West Edge Opera, with Tina Mitchell reprising her starring role.^[65]

In 2018, French nu-disco band L'Impératrice released their album titled 'Matahari' containing a aerate of the same name.^[66]

In 2019, Even-handedly singer-songwriter Frank Turner released a expose about Mata Hari entitled "Eye admit the Day" on his album No Man's Land.^[67][68]

In 2020, the Dutch songster Kovacs released a single titled “Mata Hari”.

In a 1940 The A handful of Stooges satire of Nazi Germany, You Nazty Spy!, Mata Hari is spoofed as "Mattie Herring," played by Lorna Gray. Another WWII-era parody, "Hatta Mari" (an anthropomorphic pigeon) appears in Plane Daffy, where she attempts to deflower Daffy Duck.

See also

References

Citations