Zakir hussain politician biography of martin

President of India from to

For the Pakistani governor, see Zakir Husain (governor).For other people with similar attack, see Zakir Hussain.

Zakir Husain Khan (8 February &#;– 3 May ) was an Indian educationist and politician who served as the 2nd Vice Overseer of India from to and Ordinal president of India from 13 May well until his death on 3 Possibly will

Born in Hyderabad in an AfridiPashtun family, Husain completed his schooling clear up Etawah and went on to con at the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh and the University of Berlin pass up where he obtained a doctoral esteem in economics. A close associate have a high opinion of Mahatma Gandhi, Husain was a establishment member of the Jamia Millia Islamia which was established as an selfgoverning national university in response to honourableness Non-cooperation movement. He served as nobility university's vice-chancellor from to In , Husain chaired the Basic National Bringing-up Committee which framed a new edifying policy known as Nai Talim which emphasized free and compulsory education contact the first language. He was not in the mood to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and, in , description Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Solon vetoed a proposal by the Asian National Congress to include Husain scuttle the Interim Government of India.

Following Independence and the Partition of Bharat Husain stayed on in India near, in , was appointed Vice Premier of the Aligarh Muslim University which he helped retain as a staterun institution of higher learning. For rule services to education, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in and was made a nominated member of rank Indian Parliament during to Husain served as Governor of Bihar from manage and was elected the Vice Boss of India in The following assemblage, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna. He was elected president in , succeeding Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and became greatness first Muslim to hold the extreme constitutional office in India. He was also the first incumbent to succumb in office and had the unswerving tenure of any Indian president. Reward mazar lies in the campus exclude the Jamia Millia Islamia in City.

An author and translator of very many books into Urdu and a luxuriant writer of children's books, Husain has been commemorated in India through air stamps and several educational institutions, libraries, roads and Asia's largest rose pleasure garden that have been named after him.

Early life and family

Husain was indwelling in Hyderabad in and was unravel Afridi Pashtun descent, his forefathers accepting settled in the town of Qaimganj in the Farrukhabad district of advanced Uttar Pradesh. His father, Fida Husain Khan, moved to the Deccan alight established a successful legal career handset Hyderabad where he settled in Husain was the third of seven choice of Fida Khan and Naznin Begum. He was homeschooled in the Quran, Persian and Urdu and is deep that he had his primary academy education at the Sultan Bazaar institute in Hyderabad.^[4] Following his father's passing in Husain's family shifted back come to get Qaimganj and he was enrolled weightiness the Islamia High School in Etawah. Husain's mother and several members show his extended family died in trig plague epidemic in

Having matriculated detailed , he joined the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh and later, make real preparation for a medical degree, urge the Lucknow Christian College enrolling on line for a Bachelor of Science degree. Well-organized bout of illness led to him having to discontinue his studies splendid a year later he rejoined probity college at Aligarh. Husain graduated bolster with philosophy, English literature and business. He was elected vice president discover the college's students' union and won prizes for his debating skills. Husain pursued the disciplines of law prosperous economics for his post-graduate studies. Taking accedence obtained his master's degree in , he was appointed as a master at the college.

In , while come up for air pursuing his graduation, Husain married Shahjahan Begum with whom he had one daughters, Sayeeda Khan and Safia Rahman.^[8] Safia married Zil-ur-Rahman, a professor all-round physics at the Aligarh Muslim Foundation while Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Caravansary who served as a Union Clergyman and Governor.^[9] Their son Salman Khurshid became India's External Affairs Minister dynasty ^[10]

Of Husain's six brothers, Yusuf Husain became a historian and a guard of the Sahitya Akademi Award who served as Pro Vice-Chancellor of representation Aligarh Muslim University. Mahmud Husain was closely associated with the Pakistan Move, becoming Minister of Education in honourableness Government of Pakistan and Vice-Chancellor simulated Dhaka and Karachi Universities.^[12] His nephew, General Rahimuddin Khan went on give a warning become Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs noise Staff Committee and later Governor deal in Balochistan and Sindh.^[13] Masud Husain, nobility nephew from his eldest brother, became Professor Emeritus in Social Sciences amalgamation the Aligarh Muslim University and subsequent Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia.^[14][15]

Career

Sheikh-ul-Jamia, Jamia Millia Islamia (–)

In , Swami Gandhi visited the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Institute in Aligarh where he urged disregard with the British Raj. In receive to Gandhi's appeal, a group rigidity students and faculty joined the Uncooperativeness Movement. In October they established birth Independent National University aimed at conveyance education free from colonial influence. Late renamed the Jamia Millia Islamia, place shifted in from Aligarh to City. Husain was one of the founders of this private university which locked away Maulana Muhammad Ali as its pass with flying colours "Sheikh-ul-Jamia" (vice-chancellor) and Hakim Ajmal Caravansary as the first "Amir-i-Jamia" (chancellor).^[16][12][17] Jamia, as the Turkish educationist Halide Edib noted, had two purposes: "First, add up to train the Muslim youth with decided ideas of their rights and duties as Indian citizens. Second, to be responsible for Islamic thought and behaviour with Hindi. The general aim is to concoct a harmonious nationhood without Muslims deprivation their Islamic identity. In its pronounce, if not always in its celebration, it is nearer to Gandhian Migration than any other Islamic institution Mad have come across."^[18] In its trusty years, Jamia faced shortage of confirm and its continued existence was unstable especially after the Non-Cooperation Movement tell the Khilafat Committee closed down.^[19]

Husain nautical port for Germany in to do calligraphic doctorate in economics from the Academy of Berlin. Supervised by Werner Sombart, his thesis on the agrarian service in British India was accepted summa cum laude in ^[a][21] During coronet time in Berlin, Husain collaborated occur to Alfred Ehrenreich to translate into Teutonic thirty-three of Gandhi's speeches which were published in as Die Botschaft nonsteroid Mahatma Gandhi. Husain got published rank Diwan-e-Ghalib in and the Diwan-i-Shaida, well-organized collection of poetry by Hakim Ajmal Khan in ^[23] He returned stick to India in and succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja as "Sheikh-ul-Jamia". He was married by Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Hussain – the latter becoming the forming registrar. Husain travelled across India pleading funds for the Jamia and got financial support from Mahatma Gandhi, loftiness Bombay philanthropist Seth Jamal Mohammed, Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder of depiction pharmaceutical firm Cipla and the Nizam of Hyderabad among others.

In , regular National Education Society was established down manage the affairs of the Jamia. Zakir Husain became its secretary. Watchdog be a life member of righteousness society, members pledged their services joke it for 20 years with neat salary that could not exceed Coach Husain was one of the 11 initial members who took the venture. The society adopted a constitution fund the university which stipulated that representation Jamia would neither seek nor dissipate any help from the colonial conduct, and that it would treat mount religions impartially. Husain himself identified character aim of the Jamia as use to "keep alive Islamic culture gift education and also help in picture realization of the ideal of exceptional common nationhood and the achievement read the freedom of the country […] [and that] the Jamia's objectives intrude on Islamic education, the love of self-governme and service to Urdu".^[18]

Husain remained excellence Jamia's vice chancellor until ^[26] Get your skates on the s he built his soupзon, the Zakir Manzil, on the Gulmohar Avenue in Jamia Nagar.^[27] Husain was opposed to the policy of be fit electorates for Muslims and was out political opponent of Muhammad Ali Statesman, the leader of the Muslim Alliance, who vetoed the Congress proposal however include Husain as a member confront the Interim Government in ^[28][29] Husain however convinced Jinnah to attend representation Jamia's silver jubilee celebration on 17 November At a time of heroic animosity between the Congress and illustriousness Muslim League and worsening inter-communal encouragement, the celebration was attended by Solon, his sister Fatima and Liaquat Calif Khan from the Muslim League president Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad and Motto. Rajagopalachari of the Congress.^[28] In expert plea to the assembled leaders, Husain said

"You, gentlemen, are the stars of the political firmament. You put on a secure place in the whist of millions of people. Taking ahead of of your presence here, I require to submit in great sorrow systematic few words for your consideration dub behalf of the educational workers. Decency fire of hatred is fast contagious which makes it seem mad stain tend to the garden of care. This fire is burning in ingenious noble and humane land. How discretion the flowers of nobility and sensitivity grow in its midst? How disposition we be able to improve body standards which lie today at uncut level far lower than that remind you of the beasts? How shall we inter new servants devoted to the prod of education? How can you defend humanity in a world of animals? . An Indian poet has remarked that every child who comes sort out this world brings along the communication that God has not yet gone faith in man. But have last-ditch countrymen so completely lost faith stem themselves that they wish to cost these innocent buds before they blossom? For God's sake sit together near extinguish this fire of hatred. That is not the time to nip who is responsible for it arm what is its cause. The fervency is raging. Please extinguish it. Get to God's sake do not allow glory very foundations of civilised life adjust this country to be destroyed."^[b][28]

Basic Formal Education Committee ()

In October , scheme All-India National Education Conference was set aside at Wardha under Mahatma Gandhi which sought to establish a policy superfluous basic education in India. The seminar appointed a Basic National Education chaired by Husain (also known as leadership Zakir Husain committee) which was tasked with preparing the detailed scheme be proof against syllabus for this policy.^[33] The congress submitted its report in December distinguished formulated the Wardha Scheme of Humorless National Education or Nai Talim. Rendering policy, inter alia, proposed teaching manufacture work in schools, instilling ideals albatross citizenship, and its establishment as regular self-supporting scheme. It proposed seven duration of free and compulsory basic care in the mother tongue, the culture of crafts, music and drawing standing learning the Hindustani language. It along with proposed a comprehensive plan for high-mindedness training of teachers and framed corruption curriculum.^[34][35]

The Congress party in its Haripura session of accepted the scheme highest sought to implement it nationwide.^[36] Brainchild All-India Education Board (the Hindustani Talimi Sangh) was established to implement high-mindedness scheme under Husain and E.W. Aryanayakam with Gandhi as its overall inspector. Husain remained the President of illustriousness Hindustani Talimi Sangh from to during the time that he was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar.^[38][40] The scheme was wholly opposed gross the Muslim League which saw primacy scheme as an attempt to evenly destroy Muslim culture in India arm the focus on Hindustani language thanks to a ploy to replace Urdu tackle Sanskritized Hindi. The Congress party's quarrel that the scheme had been formulated by Husain was rejected by rendering Muslim League in its Patna class of where it declared that "the mere fact that the Principal invite Jamia Millia at Delhi has expressionless a prominent part in the inattentively of the scheme does not discredit that it is not unsuited run to ground the Muslims".^[36] India's National Policy undergo Education of , and all obtain on the ideas contained in picture Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education.^[34][41]

Following the Partition of India, Husain was almost killed in communal violence bear out the Jalandhar railway station while subside was on his way to Cashmere – an experience he described 12 years later to his friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi. On his return get to the bottom of Delhi, Husain worked to help nobleness victims of rioting in Delhi.^[42] Primacy Jamia Millia Islamia's buildings at Karol Bagh were looted and destroyed detainee the violence in Delhi.^[43]

Vice-Chancellor, Aligarh Islamic University (–)

Husain was appointed Vice First of the Aligarh Muslim University recovered , succeeding Nawab Ismail Khan.^[16] Glory university had been closely associated examine the Pakistan Movement and had bent a stronghold of the Muslim Band. It was therefore perceived as swell center of pro-Pakistan feeling and excellent threat to secular India. Maulana Azad, the Union Minister of Education, tasked Husain with leading the university straight-faced that it could be retained translation a national institution of higher education.^[12] Husain, who had served as topping member of the Universities Commission among December and August however took everyday charge only in early as loosen up was incapacitated following a heart down tools in October He set to duct, attempting to dissociate the university stay away from its past association with the Muhammadan League and restoring school discipline. Division released from prison for involvement replace Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists from across North Bharat took up the vacancies created tough the departure of Muslim nationalists muster Pakistan. Husain also filled up not in use faculty positions with eminent academicians.^[44][45] Barge in , Parliament enacted the Aligarh Islamic University (Amendment) Act which converted birth university from a private, aided school to an autonomous institution of prestige Government of India, fully maintained uncongenial it. This ensured stability in integrity university's finances while also allowing transaction autonomy in governance.^[44] By the stool of his tenure, Husain had bad around the fortunes of the order of the day, helping it overcome the uncertainty bring to an end faced in independent India and mature a national institution under the umbrella of the Government of India.^[45]

Husain served as a nominated Member of depiction Rajya Sabha from 3 April capable 2 April and was renominated play a role , serving until his resignation adjustment 6 July following his appointment whilst the Governor of Bihar.^[c][48][49] For coronate services in the areas of the social order and education Husain was conferred nobility Padma Vibhushan in ^[50] Throughout significance s he was associated with many organizations working in the field check education. He was chairman, India Board, International Students Service (), the Globe University Service, Geneva during –57 enjoin was a member of the Primary Board of Secondary Education (). Elegance served on the executive board do away with the UNESCO during –^[51][38]

Governor of Province (–)

Husain was the Governor of State from 6 July to 11 Could ^[52] Contrary to the advice be in possession of the then Chief Minister of Province, Shri Krishna Sinha, Governor Husain, who was also Chancellor of Patna Asylum reappointed for a second term lecturer serving Vice-Chancellor. In response, the repair government considered amending the law observe require the governor to appoint great vice-chancellor as advised by the fool minister. Husain however threatened to disaffiliate rather than assent to such necessitate amendment forcing the government to decrease its plans.^[53][12] In later appointments uncomplicated as Vice-Chancellors of other state universities in Bihar, Husain accepted the counsel of the Chief Minister in blue blood the gentry exercise of his powers as Chief and acted accordingly although he was opposed to the appointment of non-academicians as vice chancellors to universities.^[54]

On 14 April , the Congress party chose Husain to be its candidate purport the upcoming election to the posting of the Vice President of India.^[55][56] The election was held on 7 May , and votes counted high-mindedness same day. Husain won of votes cast while his only rival Symbolic. C. Samantsinhar won 14 votes.^[d] Settle down was sworn in as vice maestro on 13 May

In , Husain was nominated the Vice President frequent the Sahitya Akademi – a rod held by his predecessor S. Statesman before his election as President pounce on India.^[59] The following year, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna.^[60][61] In lighten up served briefly as the acting number one when President Radhakrishnan left for illustriousness United Kingdom to undergo treatment do cataract.^[62][63] It was during his fabrication presidency that President's rule was reimposed in Kerala after elections held down the previous month failed to research any party a majority and efforts by the Governor to facilitate influence formation of a government collapsed.^[64][65]

As ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, Husain gave rulings clarifying that Union ministers were entitled to speak in either house of parliament and that smashing sitting member of parliament who esoteric been appointed as a Minister get the picture a State would not be disqualified from attending Parliament or voting exterior its debates until the member locked away been elected to the state parliament. In , he ruled that lawmaking immunity from arrest would be genteel to only civil cases and would not apply to criminal proceedings initiated against members.^[67]

Husain was chosen as righteousness Congress party's candidate to succeed Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as the President of Bharat in the presidential election of Thither was a lack of enthusiasm complete the candidature of Husain within significance party, but Prime Minister Indira Statesman chose to nominate him as significance party candidate over objections raised indifference K. Kamaraj, the party president, bracket other senior members of her cabinet.^[70][71] A coalition of seven opposition parties got the sitting Chief Justice hint India, Koka Subbarao to resign jurisdiction post and contest the election monkey their joint candidate.^[72][73] Unlike the two previous presidential elections, the election regard proved to be a real enmity between the various candidates.^[70][71] The cause was marred by communal rhetoric with the addition of accusations of sectarianism being made argue with Husain by the Jana Sangh party.^[74][75] There was also speculation that Husain would lose on account of do out of voting against him by Congress legislators, an outcome which would have put on the Prime Minister to resign.^[70][71]

There were 17 candidates in the fray make public the election held on 6 May well Of these, nine failed to magnify any vote. Husain won 4,71, votes against the 3,63, received by Subbarao. The margin of 1,07, votes was much larger than what was general by the Congress party with Husain winning the most votes in Congress and in twelve state legislatures inclusive of three where the Congress Party sat in the opposition.^[77] The results fall foul of the presidential election, coming after high-mindedness general elections of where the Coitus party had suffered severe setbacks, were seen as strengthening Prime Minister Gandhi.^[78][79] Husain was declared elected on 9 May ^[80] His election as foreman was seen domestically as the Period Party's attempt to reach out manage the Muslims of India who difficult to understand voted against it in the prevailing elections and globally as burnishing India's claim of being a secular nation.^[81][82]

Husain was sworn in on 13 May ^[83] In a memorable installation address, while dedicating himself to high-mindedness service of the Indian nation gleam its civilization, Husain said

The whole be fond of Bharat is my home and hang over people are my family. The mass have chosen to make me probity head of this family for orderly certain time. It shall be furious earnest endeavour to seek to formulate this home strong and beautiful, ingenious worthy home for a great fabricate engaged in the fascinating task show consideration for building up a just and well off and graceful life.

Husain was the crowning Muslim and the first governor a range of a state to be elected Leader of India.^[87][88][89] Husain's election was challenged before the Supreme Court of Bharat on the grounds that the achieve of the election had been stiff by undue influence exerted by rank Prime Minister. The election petition filed by Baburao Patel was however fired by the court.^[90][91] During his statesmanly tenure, Husain led state visits picture Canada, Hungary, Yugoslavia, USSR and Nepal.^[92][93] Husain, who had an interest invoice roses, is credited with having not native bizarre several new varieties in the Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan vital building a glass conservatory for loom over collection of succulents.^[94][95][96]

Author

Husain wrote extensively middle Urdu and also translated several books into that language. His translations lean Friedrich List's National System of Economics, Edwin Cannan's Elements of Economics existing Plato's Republic.^[97] He also wrote considerably on education in books such on account of Aala Taleem, Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem, Qaumi Taleem instruct Taleemi Khutbat and on Urdu poets Altaf Hussain Hali in Hali: Muhibb-e-Watan and Mirza Ghalib in Intikhab-e-Ghalib.^[98][99][] Husain wrote several stories for children which he published under a nom multitude plume.^[] These include Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan and stories translated into Creditably and published under The Magic Characterless series by Zubaan Books.^[][][]Capitalism: An Piece in Understanding is a series be the owner of lectures he delivered at the City University in ^[] His convocation addresses were published in as The Powerful University.^[][] As President of India, Husain headed a committee to celebrate goodness Ghalib Centenary in which recommended rank establishment of the Ghalib Institute chimpanzee a memorial to Ghalib whereas loftiness Ghalib Academy in Delhi was inaugurated by Husain in ^[][]

Death and legacy

Husain, who had suffered a mild examine attack earlier in the year, was unwell after returning to Delhi foreign a tour of Assam on 26 April He died in the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 May of straighten up heart attack. Vice PresidentV. V. Giri was sworn in as acting top banana the same day.^[][][] The Government panic about India declared thirteen days of staterun mourning.^[][] His body lay in renovate in the Durbar Hall of picture Rashtrapati Bhavan where an estimated , people paid their tributes. The entombment was held on 5 May Powder is buried in the university learned of the Jamia Millia Islamia his body was taken in precise gun carriage in a ceremonial interment procession, after the janaza prayers keep from the national salute being offered rib the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[][] The United Semite Republic, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Nepal, Bhutan and Trinidad and Tobago manual labor declared several days' of mourning.^[] Husain's death was mourned in Pakistan similarly well where flags flew at onehalf mast on the day of fulfil funeral.^[][][] Pakistan's President Yahya Khan hurl the Chief of Air Staff jump at Pakistan Air Force and Deputy Eminent Martial Law AdministratorAir MarshalMalik Nur Caravanserai as his personal representative to position funeral. George Romney, Secretary of Habitation and Urban Development, represented President President and the United States whereas say publicly Soviet Union was represented by closefitting Prime MinisterAlexei Kosygin. The Prime Ministers of Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Nepal also attended the funeral. Up to a-okay million people are thought to be born with lined the streets as the obsequies cortege made its way to grandeur burial ground.^[][][] Husain was the lid President to die in office take precedence has served the shortest tenure injure office.^[]

Husain's tomb was built in contemporary was designed by Habib Rahman.^[] Tog up architecture reflects the influence of Bauhaus aesthetics on traditional Indian styles laugh seen in its eight curved, fervent concrete walls topped by rough incision marble which have been inspired dampen Tughluq tombs.^[] These tapering walls put along a square plan to class an open structure topped by calligraphic shallow dome. The tomb has cack-handed ornamentation but features jalis and arches. The graves of Husain and emperor wife lie under the dome a variety of the tomb.^[][]

Commemoration

Commemorative postage stamps on Husain were issued by Bharat Post in and ^[][]A Rose Cryed Zakir Husain – A Life obey Dedication is a documentary film proletariat the life of Husain produced gross the Films Division of India.^[][] Compile the Delhi College, a constituent institution of the Delhi University, was renamed the Zakir Husain Delhi College.^[][] Influence Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University near the Dr. Zakir Husain Central Burn the midnight oil of the Jamia Millia Islamia increase in value also named after him.^[][] Delhi's Wellesley Road was renamed the Dr. Zakir Husain Marg.^[][][] The Zakir Hussain Wine Garden in Chandigarh, which is Asia's largest rose garden, is also person's name after Husain.^[][]Dr. Zakir Hussain – Dominie who became President, a book shoot Husain by the Indian Council dole out Cultural Relations, was released in ^[]

Awards and honours

Notes

References